CLICK ON THE FLIPPED FOR A FOLDER FULL OF RESOURCES
DIDACTIC OBJECTIVES
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COMPETENCES:
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General Objectives
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Assessment Procedures
- Final Task or Project: Keeping Fit. Rubric
- Written assessments (at the end of the unit to check students’ mastery of structure and lexis) Writing a biography. – PAU criteria
- Unit Test: Grammar and Vocabulary.
- Long-term reading (graded readers) A classic author of the student’s choice from the Burlington Readers collection.
- Direct observation to assess individual use of the language.
- Homework.
- Flipped Classroom and WebBook.
- Attitude observation: attendance, behaviour and daily work.
- Autonomous learning and critical point of view.
- Comments during lessons and written notes in the teacher’s folder.
- Informal assessment on content and efforts made within the class with particular emphasis on understanding use of questions and answers on skills work.
- Oral and written production to assess which objectives have been achieved and what must be reinforced both individually and as a group.
Session 1- Vocabulary – Reading
Find out how to use PLAY, DO OR GO with sports.
SPORTS COMPOUNDS – QUIZLET
Sessions 2 and 3: Grammar notes – Reported Speech
Reported speech is often also called indirect speech. When we use reported speech, we are usually talking about the past (because obviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past). The verbs therefore usually have to be in the past too. For example:
«I’m going to the cinema».
He said he was going to the cinema.
Basic tense chart
The tenses generally move backwards in this way (the tense on the left changes to the tense on the right):
| Direct speech | Indirect/Reported speech |
|---|---|
| present simple I’m a teacher. |
past simple He said he was a teacher |
| present continuous I’m having lunch with my parents. |
past continuous. He said he was having lunch with his parents. |
| present perfect simple I’ve been to France three times. |
past perfect simple He said he had been to France three times. |
| present perfect continuous I’ve been working very hard. |
past perfect continuous He said he had been working very hard. |
| I bought a new car. | past perfect He said he had bought a new car. |
| past continuous It was raining earlier. |
past perfect continuous He said it had been raining earlier. |
| past perfect The play had started when I arrived. |
past perfect NO CHANGE POSSIBLE |
| past perfect continuous I’d already been living in London for five years. |
past perfect continuous NO CHANGE POSSIBLE |
Other verb forms
Other verb forms also sometimes change:
| Direct speech | Indirect/Reported speech |
|---|---|
| will I’ll come and see you soon. |
would He said he would come and see me soon. |
| can I can swim under water for two minutes. |
could He said he could swim under water for two minutes. |
| must All tickets must be bought in advance. |
had to He said that all tickets had to be bought in advance. |
| shall What shall we do about it? |
should He asked what we should do about it. |
| may May I smoke? |
might He asked if he might smoke. |
Things are slightly more complicated with imperatives.
| Direct speech | Indirect/Reported speech |
|---|---|
| positive imperative Shut up! |
tell + infinitive He told me to shut up. |
| negative imperative Don’t do that again! |
tell + not + infinitive He told me not to do it again. |
| imperatives as requests Please give me some money. |
ask + infinitive He asked me to give him some money. |
When verbs don’t follow the rules
The verb tenses do not always follow the rules shown above. For example, if the reporting verb is in the present tense, there is no change in the reported sentence. Also, a sentence in direct speech in a present or future tense can remain the same if what is said is still true or relevant. For example:
You’ve invited someone for dinner at your house, and the phone rings. It’s them! They say:
I’m sorry, but I think I’m going to be a bit late. There’s a lot of traffic.After you finish speaking on the phone, you say to someone else:
That was Juan. He said he thinks he’s going to be late because there’s a lot of traffic.
Another example:
A friend says to you:
María’s ill. She’s got chickenpox!You say to someone else:
Laura said that María’s ill. She’s got chickenpox.However, the following day you see María at the beach. You’re surprised and say to her:
Laura said that you were ill. She said you had chickenpox.This has to change to the past because it isn’t true. María obviously isn’t ill.
Direct statements in a past tense do not always change either, because a change might alter the meaning or just make it sound confusing. For example:
A friend is telling you about the horrible weather:
It started raining heavily when I left work.This is where things get confusing:
He said it had started raining heavily when he had left work (it sounds horrible and the sentence is almost nothing but verbs).
He said it had started raining heavily when he left work (is wrong because it means it was already raining when he left work)
He said it started raining heavily when he left work (is the best version because it is accurate, short, and there is no confusion because of the time context)
Generally speaking, the past simple and continuous don’t always need to be changed if:
there is a time context which makes everything clear,
and/or
there is another action already using the past perfect, which might alter the meaning or make things confusing.
Time and place references
Time and place references often have to change:
| now | then |
| today | that day |
| here | there |
| this | that |
| this week | that week |
| tomorrow | the following day the next day the day after |
| next week | the following week the next week the week after |
| yesterday | the previous day the day before |
| last week | the previous week the week before |
| ago | previously before |
| 2 weeks ago | 2 weeks previously 2 weeks before |
| tonight | that night |
| last Saturday | the previous Saturday the Saturday before |
| next Saturday | the following Saturday the next Saturday the Saturday after that Saturday |
Examples:
I went to the theatre last night.
He said he had gone to the theatre the night before.I’m having a party next weekend.
He said he was having a party the following weekend.I’m staying here until next week.
He said he was staying there until the following week.I came over from London 3 years ago.
He said he had come over from London 3 years before.
Personal pronouns
You also need to be careful with personal pronouns. They need to be changed according to the situation. You need to know the context. For example, there is possible confusion when you try to change reported speech to direct speech:
She said she‘d been waiting for hours.
(Is she one person or two different people?)I told them they would have to ask permission.
(Are we talking about two groups of people or only one?)
Grammar notes: reporting verbs
The most important basic aspects of reported speech that you have to remember are:
changes in verb tenses
«I’m going home»
He said he was going home
changes in expressions of time
«I’m going home tomorrow»
He said he was going home the following day
changes in personal pronouns and possessive adjectives
«I’m going to my uncle’s home tomorrow»
He said he was going to his uncle’s home the following day
When you first learn reported speech these are the aspects you need to practise. The verbs you use, therefore, are basic ones like say, tell, reply and ask.
However, if you had to interview someone, for example, and then wrote about what the person said, it would be very boring and repetitive if you used only these verbs.
There are a lot of other verbs you can use to describe or summarise what people say without repeating the same thing over and over again. These verbs give us the meaning of the original words without actually using them all.
The section below shows some of these ‘reporting verbs’ with their meanings and grammatical structures. You can often use verbs you wouldn’t normally associate with reported speech, but if they describe the meaning of the original words then use them.
Some basic reporting verbs
The grammar structures I’ve shown with these verbs are not necessarily the only structures possible. I’ve tried to show the ones I think are the most usual. The meaning of some verbs changes according to the structure used, so I’ve only included structures that have the same meaning.
accuse
to accuse someone of doing something
«It was you who ate my chocolate, Elvira, wasn’t it?»
He accused Elvira of eating his chocolate.
admit
to admit doing something
to admit that…
«OK, it was me. I ate your chocolate»
Elvira admitted eating the chocolate.
Elvira admitted that she had eaten the chocolate.
advise
to advise someone to do something
«Well, if I were you I’d start saving for my retirement.»
He advised me to start saving for my retirement
agree
to agree that…
«Yes, you’re right, it’s a terrible problem.»
She agreed that it was a terrible problem.
announce
to announce that…
«I’m afraid I’ve got some bad news. The company’s closing.»
The manager announced that the company was closing.
apologise
to apologise (to someone) for doing something
«I’m sorry I didn’t get to the meeting.»
He apologised for not going to the meeting.
ask
to ask someone to do something
«It’s very hot in here. Would you mind opening the window?»
She asked him to open the window.
blame
to blame someone for doing something
«We lost the match because you didn’t save that penalty.»
He blamed the goalkeeper for losing the match.
complain
to complain about something
«The electrician said he was coming at ten o’clock so I took time off work and waited in all morning….»
She complained about the electrician.
congratulate
to congratulate someone on doing something
«Well done! I knew you’d pass your driving test this time.»
She congratulated him on passing his driving test.
deny
to deny doing something
to deny that…
«It most certainly wasn’t me that left the front door open.»
He denied leaving the front door open.
He denied that he had left the front door open.
explain
to explain why…
to explain that…
«Sorry I’m late. The traffic was bad and then I couldn’t find a parking space.»
He explained why he was late.
He explained that the traffic was bad.
forget
to forget to do something
«Oh no, I haven’t got any money. I didn’t go to the bank.»
He forgot to go to the bank.
invite
to invite someone to do something
«Would you like to come to our house for dinner on Friday?
He invited them to come to dinner on Friday.
offer
to offer to do something for someone
«Those bags must be heavy, John. Shall I take one?»
She offered to carry a bag for him.
promise
to promise to do something
«Yes, honest, I’ll be there on time. I won’t be late.»
He promised not to be late.
refuse
to refuse to do something
«Well I’m not washing up. I did it last time.»
He refused to do the washing-up.
remind
to remind someone to do something
«Remember you have to go to the bank. You forgot yesterday.»
She reminded me to go to the bank.
suggest
to suggest that someone should do something
to suggest that someone do something
«Why don’t you go to the dentist if your tooth hurts?»
She suggested that he should go to the dentist.
She suggested that he went to the dentist.
threaten
to threaten to do something
«If you’re late again we’ll start without you.»
They threatened to start without him.
warn
to warn someone about something
to warn someone (not) to do something
«Don’t drive too quickly. The streets are very icy.»
He warned him about the ice.
He warned him not to drive too quickly.
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Session 4 – Listening – Writing
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Sessions 5 and 6 – Project
Session 7 – Revision
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